Introduction. In modern medicine, increasing attention is being paid to studying the relationship between ophthalmological pathologies and cognitive deficits. This topic is becoming particularly relevant against the backdrop of demographic changes: the proportion of the elderly population is growing worldwide, and with age, the risk of developing both eye diseases and cognitive impairments increases significantly. The study of cognitive deficits is primarily conducted by foreign scientists, and only a few publications present the findings of Russian specialists. However, current data on the impact of ophthalmological pathologies on cognitive deficits are contradictory. Purpose - to study current data on the relationship between ophthalmological pathologies and cognitive deficits, identify the underlying mechanisms of influence, and assess the prospects for prevention and correction. Materials and Methods. The paper presents an analysis of published works from online databases (eLIBRARY, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar, SpringerLink, PubMed, MedLine, British Medical Journal) over the past 12 years. Keywords used: “visual deficit”, “cognitive deficit”, “ophthalmic diseases and cognitive deficit”. Fifty‑one sources were selected and reviewed. The study employed analytical and monographic methods. Results. The analysis of the relationship between ophthalmological diseases and cognitive impairments confirms their close and multifaceted connection. Common pathogenetic mechanisms have been identified, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, microvascular changes in retinal and cerebral vessels, neurodegenerative processes (thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer — RNFL — and hippocampal atrophy), as well as systemic metabolic disorders (hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia). The practical significance of the conducted research lies in justifying the need for a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and management of elderly patients. The introduction of standardised screening algorithms makes it possible to identify risk groups at early stages and initiate preventive measures in a timely manner. Developed cognitive rehabilitation programmes that combine ophthalmological treatment, cognitive training, physical activity and nutritional support have proven their effectiveness in clinical trials. Conclusions. The research findings confirm that visual health and cognitive functioning are closely interconnected. Timely diagnosis of ophthalmological diseases, correction of visual impairments, and targeted prevention of cognitive decline can significantly improve the quality of life for older adults and reduce the burden on the healthcare system. Further development of interdisciplinary approaches and the introduction of innovative technologies will open up new opportunities for preserving visual‑cognitive health in an ageing society.