Relevance. In Russia, there are political efforts to improve the living conditions of the Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples of the North, who nevertheless have an increased risk of tuberculosis (TB). Objective. To identify the most significant medical and social risk factors for tuberculosis among the Indigenous Small-Numbered Peoples (ISNP) living in rural areas of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO). Methods. The results of a cross-sectional sociological study conducted among the rural population of YNAO were analyzed, including 358 representatives of ISNP and 213 non-indigenous permanent residents. Standard statistical methods were used, including calculation of odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and probability of type I error (p). Results. The high incidence of tuberculosis among ISNP is, among other factors, due to low income level (OR=1.7; 95% CI 1.3-2.2), which is itself associated with low education level (adjusted OR=3.7; 95% CI 2.4-5.9; pOR=2.5; pccess to medical care is assessed to be somewhat lower among the indigenous population (p=0.0004), but this does not affect the frequency of fluorographic examinations (p=0.3). Conclusion. Preventive measures to reduce tuberculosis incidence among ISNP should focus on comprehensive improvement of socio-economic conditions, enhancement of educational levels, expansion of employment opportunities, as well as active reduction of alcohol and tobacco consumption.