Background: labour productivity of healthcare workers is a key indicator of the efficiency of labour resources use in healthcare. Labour productivity in healthcare is the most important topic for comprehensive analysis, the relevance of which is related to its contribution to the long-term social, demographic and economic stability, as well as further overall progression. Purpose of the study: to organize current approaches to the study of labour productivity of healthcare workers in contemporary setting. Materials and methods: a review of scientific publications from 2009 to 2024 was conducted using the eLibrary.ru (RSCI) and PubMed databases. The analysis included original articles and monographs dedicated to methods of assessing labor productivity in healthcare under modern conditions (increased demand and volume of medical services, rising requirements for accessibility and quality of medical care, rapidly growing workforce shortages, and advanced digital infrastructure). Results: two groups of labor productivity definitions are identified: objective (based on quantitative indicators) and subjective (considering quality, accessibility, and working conditions). Objective approaches, based on classical economic methods, allow for precise calculations, while subjective ones are descriptive and have the significant drawback of lacking clear criteria. Studies on labor productivity in healthcare are often limited and thus focus on various factors and indicators: workload, correlation with service quality or wages. Key issues include the absence of a unified methodology, consideration of work intensity, and subjectivity in assessments. Based on the narrative review, an original approach to studying labor productivity in healthcare is proposed. Conclusion: the issue of labor productivity among healthcare workers has been superficially studied. It is relevant to justify a methodology for assessing labor productivity that would be based on fundamental approaches of economic science and healthcare organization, ensure easily measurable and reproducible results, and could be applied across various fields of practical healthcare. An approach to assessing labor productivity at the micro-level has been proposed, which should be tested through specialized scientific research.